Here is a summary of major Muslim contributions to science:

Algebra - Muslim mathematician Al-Khwarizmi developed the concepts and operations of algebra, introducing words like "algorithm" into Western languages.

Medicine - The works of Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Al-Razi influenced medieval European medicine. Hospitals were introduced based on early Muslim models. Vaccines were used in early Islamic world.

Optics - Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) wrote the Optics, establishing principles of visual perception and light that influenced Copernicus and Kepler. He pioneered the scientific method.

Geography - Muslim scholars like al-Idrisi created advanced world maps and navigational charts based on astronomical data. Al-Biruni wrote detailed studies of India's geography, ethnography and natural history.

Astronomy - Ulugh Beg built accurate astronomical instruments and studies at the Samarkand Observatory. Muslim scholars like Al-Battani and Az-Zarqali made advances in trigonometry and astronomical tables.

Chemistry - Jabir Ibn Hayyan (Geber) is considered a pioneer of chemistry, distilling acids and developing experimental scientific method. Muslim scholars developed pharmaceutical and toxicological sciences.

Engineering - Muslim engineers developed techniques in irrigation, hydropower, structural design and techniques in construction, metallurgy and shipping.